Adjacent row shift redundancy circuit having signal restorer coupled to programmable links

ABSTRACT

A redundancy circuit for a semiconductor memory device utilizes a fuse ladder comprising alternating programmable resistive fuses and signal restorers connected to one another in series. The signal restorers coupled between the fuses prevent the formation of a high impedance resistive line with a floating node when one of the fuses in the ladder is blown.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to semiconductor memory devices. More particularly, this invention relates to a memory device with redundant memory cells.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Semiconductor memory devices are well-known in the prior art. Memory cells are generally configured into arrays of rows and columns as shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, a column of memory cells comprises a number of cells which share a pair of common bit lines, such as column 3 which shares bit lines B₃ and B₃. Each pair of bit lines accesses the true and complement data stored in a selected one of the memory cells within a column. Similarly, a row of memory cells comprises cells sharing a common word line. Each word line selects a row of memory cells to be accessed by the bit lines.

Semiconductor manufacturing techniques for fabricating memory devices have improved tremendously over the last two decades resulting in increased yields. However, a higher level of integration, i.e. a larger number of elements of smaller sizes, is also achieved over the same period. Yields have approached but not achieved the theoretically possible target of 100%. At the same time, design techniques are increasingly being used to compensate for manufacturing flaws and to further improve yields.

In semiconductor memories, some of the design techniques involve providing redundant memory cells on the devices and redirecting the addressing circuitry to configure the redundant cells in place of the defective memory cells. Consequently, many defective memory devices can be transformed into fully operable memory devices. Various ways of addressing these redundant cells in place of defective cells have been implemented.

A conventional way of implementing memory cell redundancy is to provide "row redundancy" with one or more redundant rows of memory cells. In one such method, each redundant row is equipped with programmable links, such as fuses, so that a redundant row can be programmed into the address location of a defective row. These fuses have to be individually programmed for each replacement row location and a complex mapping algorithm is necessary to locate the appropriate fuses to be blown.

An alternative solution which avoids the above complex mapping problem uses "column redundancy". Squads, each comprised of a small fixed number of columns of memory cells, generally about four columns to a squad, are organized into groups. The number of squads in each group is limited to four to six (with four to six corresponding fuses in series). Each group of squads is associated with a redundant squad. Such a redundant squad contains the same number of columns as a regular squad and can be shifted in to replace a defective squad (with one or more defective columns) within the group. Hence, one-sixth to one-quarter of the total number of memory cells are redundant. As a result, this redundant squad column solution does not allow for the minimization of the total number of redundant cells required to fix the relatively small number of defective memory cells in a typical semiconductor device. A "squad column redundancy" circuit is shown in FIG. 2. Note the resistive ladder of fuses 20, 30, . . . coupled between a logic high voltage source (Vcc) and a fuse ground circuit.

A second "row redundancy" method, called "adjacent row redundancy", appears to solve both the complex mapping problem and the redundant cell minimization problem. To use this method, a fairly large number of rows of memory cells are organized into groups. In a typical memory device, there may be 128 to 256 rows in each group. Here, a redundant row is provided for each group of rows. A prior art circuit for accomplishing row shift redundancy comprises a resistive fuse ladder, one end of which is tied to power, the other end of which is tied to ground. Any fuse in the ladder could be severed at the point where the shift would begin within a group of rows.

A major difficulty associated with the "adjacent row redundancy" method is the long string of fuses required, since 128 or 256 rows would require 128 to 256 fuses in series. Typically, each fuse adds about 250 Ohms to the total series resistance of the resistor string. This results in possible resistive degradation of the programmed level and/or capacitive coupling into the high impedance fuse line that could introduce circuit malfunction. In practice, the length of the resistive fuse ladder is limited by the cumulative series resistance and the capacitance of the series of fuses 20, 30, . . . 70, 80, 90 as represented in FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 shows an adjacent row redundancy circuit having a long resistive ladder of programmable fuses. When there is a defective row, one of the fuses in the resistive ladder such as 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . or 90 is blown to provide the replacement redundant row. In a typical device, a portion of the resistive fuse ladder comprises a number of fuses equal in number to at least half the number of rows, i.e. at least 64 or 128 fuses in series. Although one end of this portion of the resistive fuse ladder is connected to either node 59 at Vcc or to node 60 at fuse ground, the other end of this portion of the fuse ladder is now floating. The result is a high impedance line highly susceptible to resistive and/or capacitive coupling.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with this invention, prior art difficulties arising from the cumulative series resistance of the programmable links in the resistive fuse ladder and which limit the number of rows in each memory array are overcome by coupling signal restorers into the long resistive ladder. The signal restorers regenerate the signal level at each stage between the programmable links, thereby eliminating potentially indiscriminate signal levels at the shift stages.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 (PRIOR ART) shows a memory configured into rows and columns.

FIG. 2 (PRIOR ART) shows a squad column shift redundancy circuit.

FIG. 3 (PRIOR ART) illustrates a resistive fuse ladder having series resistance and capacitive coupling.

FIG. 4 (PRIOR ART) shows an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit having a resistive ladder of programmable fuses.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit having programmable links and signal restorers coupled in series in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows a first embodiment of an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit having programmable links and signal restorers coupled in series in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment of an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit having programmable links and signal restorers coupled in series, in which the redundancy selection and row decode are merged in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a third embodiment of an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit having programmable links and a signal restorer coupled in series in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of the third embodiment of an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit having programmable links and a signal restorer coupled in series in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with the invention, FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit comprising a first select output terminal 28, a second select output terminal 38, and a third select output terminal 48. A first programmable link 1, a first signal restorer 2, a second programmable link 3, and a second signal restorer 4 are coupled in series. The input terminal 2a of the first signal restorer 2 is coupled to the first programmable link 1, and the output terminal 2b of the first signal restorer 2 is coupled to the second programmable link 3. An input terminal 4a of the second signal restorer 4 is coupled to the second programmable link 3. A select input 7a of a first switch 7 is coupled to the output 2b of the first signal restorer 2, a data input 7b is coupled to a data bus 200, a first data output terminal 7d is coupled to the first select output terminal 28 and a second data output terminal 7c is coupled to the second select output terminal 38. A select input terminal 8a of a second switch 8 is coupled to an output terminal 4b of the second signal restorer 4, a data input terminal 8b is coupled to the data bus 200, a first data output terminal 8d is coupled to the second select output terminal 38, and a second data output terminal 8c is coupled to the third select output terminal 48.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of a first implementation of the block diagram of FIG. 5 for selecting a first, second, third, fourth . . . or (n+1)^(th) row of memory cells R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ (not shown), . . . or R_(n+1), and having a programmable resistive fuse ladder constructed in accordance with this invention. These fuses can be replaced with any other programmable elements that do not regenerate signal levels. Fuses 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . and 90 form a resistive fuse ladder. Pairs of inverters 21 & 22, 31 & 32, 41 & 42, . . . and 91 & 92 controlling the row squad multiplexing are coupled in series between the fuses 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . and 90 respectively. These inverters 21, 22, 31, 32, 41, 42, . . . 91 and 92 restore the signal integrity along the fuse line. High impedance resistors 23, 33, 43, 53, . . . and 93 serve as pull down resistors to avoid a floating node when one of the fuses 20, 30, 40 50, . . . or 90 is blown. These resistors can be formed using high impedance polysilicon, such as the second level polysilicon in a semiconductor process having multiple levels of polysilicon material. Although inverters are illustrated in FIG. 6, any logic element capable of restoring signal level, such as a NAND or NOR gate, can be used in place of the inverter. Any circuit element capable of performing a pull down function, such as a feedback n-channel transistor, can be used in place of the pull down resistors.

When the memory device does not have any defective rows, i.e. memory rows R₁, R₂, R₃, . . . R_(n) are all operative, none of fuses 20, 30, 40, 50 and 90 will be blown. Because node 59 is coupled to Vcc, the output voltage levels of inverters 21, 31, 41, . . . and 91 will be low and the output voltage levels of inverters 22, 32, 42, . . . and 92 will be high. These voltage levels in turn will switch on transmission gates 25, 35, 45, . . . and 95 and switch off transmission gates 26, 36, 46, . . . and 96. Hence, input nodes 27, 37, 47, . . . and 97 is now coupled via row select output terminals 28, 38, 48, . . . and 98 to the memory rows R₁, R₂, R₃, . . . and R_(n) respectively.

In FIG. 6 which shows an example of the first embodiment of the invention, there is a total of 256 addressable rows requiring eight row address bit line i.e. A₀, A₁, A₂, . . . A_(m), wherein m=7. To couple input node 27 to row R₁, row address lines A₀, A₁, A₂, . . . and A₇ are each set low. To couple input node 37 to row R₂, all the row address lines except A₀ are set low. Similarly, to couple input node 47 to row R₃, all the row address line except A₁ are set low. Finally, to couple input node 97 to row R₂₅₆, all the row address lines are set high.

If the second row R₂ connected to select node 38 is defective, fuse 30 is programmed or blown to bypass defective row R₂. This programming or blowing of the fuse 30 can be accomplished by using any known methods, including but not limited to laser cutting. The decode circuitry of row R₁ is not affected by blowing fuse 30. Accordingly, input select node 27 remains coupled to row select output 28. Since fuse 30 is open, pull-down resistor 33 causes the output signal of inverter 31 to become logic high, thereby inverting the output signal of every inverter further down the fuse ladder. For example, the output signal of inverter 32 becomes low, the output signal of inverter 41 becomes high, the output signal of inverter 42 becomes low, and so on. Consequently, transmission gate 35 is turned off and transmission gate 36 is turned on. Accordingly, input select node 37 is no longer coupled to output select node 38. Rather, node is coupled to select node 48 via transmission gate 36.

Similarly, transmission gate 45 will be switched off and transmission gate 46 will be switched on, and input select node 47 is no longer coupled to output select node 48 (coupled to row R₃). Instead, input select node 47 will now be coupled via transmission gate 46 to the next output select node (not shown) and to the next memory row R₄ (not shown).

As is readily apparent, this shift of input select nodes and output select nodes cascades down the chain. Accordingly, the first input select node 27 remains coupled to memory row R₁, defective row R₂ is no longer selectable, and input select nodes 37, 47, . . . and 97 are coupled to memory rows R₃, R₄, . . . and R_(n+1) respectively.

FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment of an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit having programmable links and signal restorers coupled in series. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 6, however, the redundancy selection and row decode circuitry are merged in the embodiment of FIG. 7. This embodiment is also capable of selecting a first, second, third, fourth, . . . or (n+1)^(th) row of memory cells R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ (not shown), . . . or R_(n+1), and has a programmable resistive fuse ladder constructed in accordance with this invention.

As shown in FIG. 7, fuses 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . and 90 form a resistive fuse ladder. Pairs of inverters 21 & 22, 31 & 32, 41 & 42, . . . and 91 & 92 controlling the row squad multiplexing are coupled in series between the fuses 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . and 90 respectively. These inverters 21, 22, 31, 32, 41, 42, . . . 91 and 92 restore the signal integrity along the fuse line. High impedance resistors 23, 33, 43, 53, . . . and 93 serve as pull down resistors to avoid a floating node when one of the fuses 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . or 90 is blown.

When the memory device does not have any defective rows, i.e. memory rows R₁, R₂, R₃, . . . and R_(n) are all operative, none of fuses 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . or 90 is blown. Because node 59 is coupled to Vcc, the output signals of inverters 21, 31, 41, . . . and 91 are low and the output signals of inverters 22, 32, 42, . . . and 92 are high Consequently, field effect transistors (FETs) 25', 35', 45', . . . and 95' are on and FETs 26', 36', 46', . . . and 96' are off. Hence, input nodes 27, 37, 47, . . . and 97 are coupled via row select output terminals 28, 38, 48, . . . and 98 to the memory rows R₁, R₂, R₃, . . . and R_(n) respectively.

If the second row R₂ connected to select node 38 is defective, fuse 30 is blown to bypass defective row R₂. Since the decode circuitry of row R₁ is not affected by blowing fuse 30, input select node 27 remains coupled to row select output terminal 28. As fuse 30 is open, pull-down resistor 33 causes the output signal of inverter to become logic high, which in turn inverts the output of every inverter further down the resistive fuse ladder. Consequently, the output signal of inverter 32 is at logic low, the output signal of inverter 41 is at logic high, the output signal of inverter 42 is at logic low, and so on. At the same time, FET 35' is turned off and FET 36' is turned on. Accordingly, input select node 37 is no longer coupled to output select node 38. Rather, node 37 is coupled to select node 48 via FET 36'.

Similarly, FET 45' is switched off and FET 46' is switched on, and input select node 47 is no longer coupled to output select node 48, which is coupled to row R₃. Instead, input select node 47 will now be coupled to the next output select node (not shown) via FET 46' to the next memory row R₄ (not shown).

This shift of input select nodes and output select nodes cascades down the chain. Accordingly, the first input select node 27 remains coupled to memory row R₁, defective row R₂ is no longer selectable, and input select nodes 37, 47, . . . and 97 are coupled to memory rows R₃, R₄ (not shown), . . . and R_(n+1) respectively.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a third embodiment of an adjacent row shift redundancy circuit comprising a first select output terminal 28, a second select output terminal 38, and a third select output terminal 48. Instead of inserting signal restorers between every programmable link, a signal restorer is inserted at predetermined intervals along the series of programmable links. As shown in FIG. 8, a first programmable link 1, a second programmable link 3, and a first signal restorer 4 are coupled in series, with the first programmable link 1 coupled to the second programmable link 3. An input terminal 4a of the first signal restorer 4 is coupled to the second programmable link 3. A select input terminal 7a of a first switch 7 is coupled to first programmable link 1, a data input terminal 7b is coupled to a data bus 200, a first data output terminal 7d is coupled to the first select output 28 and a second data output terminal 7c is coupled to the second select output terminal 38. A select input terminal 8a of a second switch 8 is coupled to an output terminal 4b of the first signal restorer 4, a data input terminal 8b is coupled to the data bus 200, a first data output terminal 8d is coupled to the second select output terminal 38, and a second data output terminal 8c is coupled to the third select output terminal 48.

FIG. 9 shows the schematic diagram of a third embodiment for selecting a first, second, third, fourth, and (n+1)^(th) row of memory cells R₁ , R₂, R₃, R₄ (not shown), . . . and R_(n+1) and having a programmable resistive fuse ladder constructed in accordance with this invention. Fuses 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . and 90 form a resistive fuse ladder. A pair of inverters 31 & 32 is coupled in series between fuses 30 and 40. These inverters 31 and 32 restore the signal integrity of a portion of the fuse line. One of high impedance resistors 23, 33, 43, . . . or 93 serves as a pull down resistor to avoid a floating node when one of fuses 20, 30, 40, . . . or 90, respectively, is blown.

When the memory device does not have any defective rows, i.e. memory rows R₁, R₂, R₃, . . . and R_(n) are all operative, none of fuses 20, 30, 40, 50, . . . and 90 is blown. Because node 59 is coupled to Vcc, the output signals of inverters 29, 31, 49 and 99 are at logic low and the output signal of inverter 32 is at logic high, thereby switching transmission gates 25, 35, 45, . . . and 95 on and transmission gates 26, 36, 46, . . . and 96 off. Hence, input nodes 27, 37, 47, . . . and 97 are coupled via row select output terminals 28, 38, 48, . . . and 98, to memory rows R₁, R₂, R₃, . . . and R_(n), respectively.

When the second row R₂ connected to select node 38 is defective, fuse 30 is blown to bypass defective row R₂. The decode circuitry of row R₁ is not affected by blowing fuse 30. Accordingly, input select node 27 remains coupled to row select output 28. Since fuse 30 is blown, pull-down resistor 33 causes the output signal of inverter 31 to become logic high, thereby inverting the outputs of any inverters further down the fuse ladder, i.e. the output of inverter 32 is at logic low, and so on. At the same time, transmission gate 35 is turned off and transmission gate 36 is turned on. Accordingly, input select node 37 is no longer coupled to output select node 38. Rather, node 37 is coupled to select node 48 via transmission gate 36.

Similarly, transmission gate 45 is switched off and transmission gate 46 is switched on, and input select node 47 is no longer coupled to output select node 48 (coupled to row R₃). Instead, input select node 47 is now coupled to the next output select node (not shown) via transmission gate 46 to the next memory row R₄ (not shown).

This shift of input select nodes and output select nodes cascades down the chain. Accordingly, the first input select node 27 remains coupled to memory row R₁, defective row R₂ is no longer selectable, and input select nodes 37, 47, . . . and 97 are coupled to memory rows R₃, R₄, . . . and R_(n+1), respectively.

While three embodiments of this invention have been described, this description is not intended to be limiting and other embodiments within the scope of the present invention are possible. Thus, while this invention has been described using a redundant row circuitry, the principles of this invention apply equally to the use of signal restorers in a chain of programmable links coupled in series in a semiconductor device. 

We claim:
 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:a first select output terminal; a second select output terminal; a third select output terminal; a first programmable link having a first lead and a second lead; a second programmable link having a first lead and a second lead; a first signal restorer comprising an input terminal and an output terminal, said first signal restorer coupled in series between the first programmable link and the second programmable link, wherein the input terminal of the first signal restorer is coupled to the second lead of the first programmable link, and the output terminal of the first signal restorer is coupled to the first lead of the second programmable link; a second signal restorer comprising an input terminal and an output terminal, wherein the input terminal of the second signal restorer is coupled to the second lead of the second programmable link; a data bus; a first switch comprising a data input terminal, a select input terminal, a first data output terminal, and a second data output terminal, wherein the select input terminal of the first switch is coupled to the output terminal of the first signal restorer, the data input terminal of the first switch is coupled to the data bus, the first data output terminal of the first switch is coupled to said first select output terminal, and the second data output terminal of the first switch is coupled to said second select output terminal; and a second switch comprising a data input terminal, a select input terminal, a first data output terminal, and a second data output terminal, wherein the select input terminal of the second switch is coupled to the output terminal of the second signal restorer, the data input terminal of the second switch is coupled to the data bus, the first data output terminal of the second switch is coupled to said second select output terminal, and the second data output terminal of the second switch is coupled to said third select output terminal.
 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the first and second programmable links are fuses.
 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the first and second signal restorers comprise logic elements.
 4. The device of claim 3 wherein the logic elements are inverters.
 5. The device of claim 4 wherein each of the first and second signal restorers further comprises a pull-down element.
 6. The device of claim 5 wherein the pull-down element is a resistor.
 7. The device of claim 6 wherein the resistor is a high impedance second level polysilicon resistor.
 8. The device of claim 5 wherein the pull-down element is a feedback n-channel transistor.
 9. The device of claim 1 wherein the device is a memory device having at least a first row, a second row and a third row of memory cells, wherein the first select output terminal, the second select output terminal and the third select output terminal of said device are coupled to the first row, the second row and the third row of memory cells respectively.
 10. The device of claim 9 further comprising means for programming said programmable links.
 11. A semiconductor memory device comprising:a first select output terminal; a second select output terminal; a third select output terminal; first means for linking having a first lead and a second lead; second means for linking having a first lead and a second lead; first means for restoring a signal transmitted from the second lead of said first means for linking to the first lead of the second means for linking, the first means for restoring comprising an input terminal and an output terminal, said first means for restoring coupled in series between the first means for linking and the second means for linking, wherein the input terminal of the first means for restoring is coupled to the second lead of the first means for linking, and the output terminal of the first means for restoring is coupled to the first lead of the second means for linking; second means for restoring comprising an input terminal and an output terminal, wherein the input terminal of the second means for restoring is coupled in series to the second means for linking; a data bus; first means for switching comprising a data input terminal, a select input terminal, a first data output terminal, and a second data output terminal, wherein the select input terminal of the first means for switching is coupled to the output terminal of the first means for restoring, the data input terminal of the first means for switching is coupled to the data bus, the first data output terminal of the first means for switching is coupled to said first select output terminal and the second data output terminal of the first means for switching is coupled to said second select output terminal; and second means for switching comprising a data input terminal, a select input terminal, a first data output terminal, and a second data output terminal, wherein the select input terminal of the second means for switching is coupled to the output terminal of the second means for restoring, the data input terminal of the second means for switching is coupled to the data bus, the first data output terminal of the second means for switching is coupled to said second select output terminal, and the second data output terminal of the second means for switching is coupled to said third select output terminal.
 12. The device of claim 11 wherein the first and second means for linking are fuses.
 13. The device of claim 11 wherein the first and second means for restoring comprise logic elements.
 14. The device of claim 13 wherein the logic elements are inverters.
 15. The device of claim 14 wherein each of the first and second means for restoring further comprises a pull-down element.
 16. The device of claim 15 wherein the pull-down element is a resistor.
 17. The device of claim 16 wherein the resistor is a high impedance second level polysilicon resistor.
 18. The device of claim 15 wherein the pull-down element is a feedback n-channel transistor.
 19. The device of claim 11 wherein the device is a memory device having at least a first row, a second row and a third row of memory cells, wherein the first select output terminal, the second select output terminal and the third select output terminal of said device are coupled to the first row, the second row and the third row of memory cells respectively.
 20. The device of claim 19 further comprising means for programming at least one of said means for linking.
 21. A semiconductor memory device comprising:a first select output terminal; a second select output terminal; a third select output terminal; a first row, a second row and a third row of memory cells, wherein the first select output terminal, the second select output terminal and the third select output terminal are coupled to the first row, the second row and the third row respectively; a first fuse; a second fuse; means for programming said fuses; a first signal restorer comprising a pair of inverters, a pull-down resistor, an input terminal and an output terminal, said first signal restorer coupled in series between the first fuse and the second fuse, wherein the input terminal of the first signal restorer is coupled to the first fuse, and the output terminal of the first signal restorer is coupled to the second fuse; a second signal restorer comprising a pair of inverters, a pull-down resistor, an input terminal and an output terminal, wherein the input terminal of the second signal restorer is coupled in series to the second fuse; a data bus; a first switch comprising a data input terminal, a select input terminal, a first data output terminal, and a second data output terminal, wherein the select input terminal of the first switch is coupled to the output terminal of the first signal restorer, the data input terminal of the first switch is coupled to the data bus, the first data output terminal of the first switch is coupled to said first select output terminal, and the second data output terminal of the first switch is coupled to said second select output terminal; and a second switch comprising a data input terminal, a select input terminal, a first data output terminal, and a second data output terminal, wherein the select input terminal of the second switch is coupled to the output terminal of the second signal restorer, the data input terminal of the second switch is coupled to the data bus, the first data output terminal of the second switch is coupled to said second select output terminal, and the second data output terminal of the second switch is coupled to said third select output terminal.
 22. Structure for replacing a defective row in a memory array which includes R rows plus an (R+1)^(th) spare row, said structure comprising:addressing circuitry coupled to said memory array, wherein said addressing circuitry addresses a r^(th) row by changing a voltage on a r^(th) select terminal of the addressing circuitry, the r^(th) select terminal coupled by a corresponding r^(th) transistor structure to said r^(th) row; and a series of R alternating programmable links and R signal restorers, a r^(th) programmable link coupled to the r^(th) transistor structure and controlling the r^(th) transistor structure to couple the r^(th) select terminal to said r^(th) row, and wherein the state of said r^(th) programmable link can be programmed, thereby changing the state of a voltage level provided by r^(th) and subsequent signal restorer or restorers, and coupling the r^(th), (r+1)^(th) . . . R^(th) select terminals to the (r+1)^(th), (r+2)^(th), . . . (R+1)^(th) rows, respectively, where r and R are both integers defined by 1≦r≦R.
 23. The structure of claim 22 wherein the programmable links are fuses.
 24. The structure of claim 22 wherein the signal restorers comprise logic elements.
 25. The structure of claim 24 wherein the logic elements are inverters.
 26. The structure of claim 25 wherein each of the signal restorers further comprises a pull-down element.
 27. The structure of claim 26 wherein the pull-down element is a resistor.
 28. The structure of claim 27 wherein the resistor is a high impedance second level polysilicon resistor.
 29. The structure of claim 26 wherein the pull-down element is a feedback n-channel transistor.
 30. Structure for replacing a defective row in a memory array which includes R rows and C columns plus an (R+1)^(th) spare row, where R and C are integers representing the maximum number of addressable rows and columns, respectively, said structure comprising:addressing circuitry coupled to the memory array, wherein said addressing circuitry addresses a r^(th) row by changing a voltage on a r^(th) select terminal of the addressing circuitry, the r^(th) select terminal coupled by a corresponding r^(th) transistor structure to said r^(th) row, where r is given by 1≦r≦R; a series of R programmable links, a r^(th) programmable link coupled to the r^(th) transistor structure and controlling the r^(th) transistor structure to couple the r^(th) select terminal to said r^(th) row; and at least one signal restorer coupled in between the programmable links, and wherein the state of said r^(th) programmable link can be programmed, thereby changing the state of r^(th) and subsequent signal restorer or restorers if any, and coupling the r^(th), (r+1)^(th) . . . R^(th) select terminals to the (r+1)^(th), (r+2)^(th), . . . ( R+1)^(th) rows, respectively.
 31. The structure of claim 30 wherein the programmable links are fuses.
 32. The structure of claim 30 wherein the signal restorer or restorers comprise logic elements.
 33. The structure of claim 32 wherein the logic elements are inverters.
 34. The structure of claim 33 wherein the signal restorer or restorers each further comprises a pull-down element.
 35. The structure of claim 34 wherein the pull-down element is a resistor.
 36. The structure of claim 35 wherein the resistor is a high impedance second level polysilicon resistor.
 37. The structure of claim 36 wherein the pull-down element is a feedback n-channel transistor.
 38. A semiconductor memory device comprising:a first select output terminal; a second select output terminal; a third select output terminal; a first programmable link having a first lead and a second lead; a second programmable link having a first lead and a second lead, wherein the first lead of the second programmable link is coupled to the second lead of the first programmable link; a signal restorer comprising an input terminal and an output terminal, wherein the input terminal of the signal restorer is coupled to the second programmable link; a data bus; a first switch comprising a data input terminal, a select input terminal, a first data output terminal, and a second data output terminal, wherein the select input terminal of the first switch is coupled to the first programmable link, the data input terminal of the first switch is coupled to the data bus, the first data output terminal of the first switch is coupled to said first select output terminal, and the second data output terminal of the first switch is coupled to said second select output terminal; and a second switch comprising a data input terminal, a select input terminal, a first data output terminal, and a second data output terminal, wherein the select input terminal of the second switch is coupled to the output terminal of the signal restorer, the data input terminal of the second switch is coupled to the data bus, the first data output terminal of the second switch is coupled to said second select output terminal, and the second data output terminal of the second switch is coupled to said third select output terminal.
 39. The device of claim 38 wherein the first and second programmable links are fuses.
 40. The device of claim 38 wherein the signal restorer comprises logic elements.
 41. The device of claim 40 wherein the logic elements are inverters.
 42. The device of claim 41 wherein the signal restorer further comprises a pull-down element.
 43. The device of claim 42 wherein the pull-down element is a resistor.
 44. The device of claim 43 wherein the resistor is a high impedance second level polysilicon resistor.
 45. The device of claim 42 wherein the pull-down element is a feedback n-channel transistor.
 46. The device of claim 38 wherein the device is a memory device having at least a first row, a second row and a third row of memory cells, wherein the first select output terminal, the second select output terminal and the third select output terminal of said device are coupled to the first row, the second row and the third row of memory cells respectively.
 47. The device of claim 46 further comprising means for programming at least one of said programmable links. 